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Ark of the Covenant

Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark (c. 1900) by James Tissot
Ark of the Covenant in the Anikova dish, c. 800

The Ark of the Covenant,[a] also known as the Ark of the Testimony[b] or the Ark of God,[c][1][2] is believed to have been the most sacred religious relic of the Israelites. It is described as a wooden chest coated in pure gold and topped off by an elaborate golden lid known as the mercy seat. According to the Book of Exodus[3] and First Book of Kings[4] in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, the Ark contained the Tablets of the Law, by which God delivered the Ten Commandments to Moses at Mount Sinai. According to the Book of Exodus,[5] the Book of Numbers,[6] and the Epistle to the Hebrews[7] in the New Testament, it also contained Aaron's rod and a pot of manna.[8]

The biblical account relates that approximately one year after the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was created according to the pattern that God gave to Moses when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of Mount Sinai. Thereafter, the gold-plated acacia chest's staves were lifted and carried by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits (800 meters or 2,600 feet) in advance of the people while they marched.[9] God spoke with Moses "from between the two cherubim" on the Ark's cover.[10]

Contemporary archeologists disagree about the history of the Ark's movements around the ancient near east and the history and dating of the Ark narratives in the Bible.[11][12][13] There is additional scholarly debate over possible historical influences that led to the creation of the Ark: Thomas Romer, for example, sees possible Bedouin influence while Scott Noegel regards Egyptian influence as more likely.[14][15]


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  1. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Chronicles 16–18 – New Living Translation". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  2. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Samuel 3:3 – New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  3. ^ Exodus 40:20.
  4. ^ 1 Kings 8:9.
  5. ^ Exodus 16:33.
  6. ^ Numbers 17:6–11.
  7. ^ Hebrews 9:4.
  8. ^ Ackerman, Susan (2000). "Ark of the Covenant". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 102. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
  9. ^ Joshua 3:4.
  10. ^ Exodus 25:22.
  11. ^ David, Ariel (30 Aug 2017). "The Real Ark of the Covenant may have Housed Pagan Gods". Haaretz.
  12. ^ Levin, Yigal (2021). "Was Kiriath-jearim in Judah or in Benjamin?". Israel Exploration Journal. 71 (1): 43–63. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27100296.
  13. ^ K. L. Sparks, "Ark of the Covenant" in Bill T. Arnold and H. G. M. Williamson (eds.), Dictionary of the Old Testament: Historical Books (InterVarsity Press, 2005), p. 91.
  14. ^ Thomas Römer, The Invention of God (Harvard University Press, 2015), p. 92.
  15. ^ Scott Noegel, "The Egyptian Origin of the Ark of the Covenant" in Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider, and William H. C. Propp (eds.), Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective (Springer, 2015), pp. 223–242.

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